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A software protection dongle (commonly known as a dongle or key) is an electronic copy protection and content protection device. When connected to a computer or other electronics, they unlock software functionality or decode content.[1] The hardware key is programmed with a product key or other cryptographic protection mechanism and functions via an electrical connector to an external bus of the computer or appliance.[2]
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In software protection, dongles are two-interface security tokens with transient data flow with a pull communication that reads security data from the dongle. In the absence of these dongles, certain software may run only in a restricted mode, or not at all. Apart from software protection, dongles can enable functions in electronic devices, such as receiving and processing encoded video streams on television sets.
- 1History
History[edit]
The Merriam-Webster dictionary states that the 'First known use of dongle' was in 1981 and that the etymology was 'perhaps alteration of dangle.'[3]
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A Rainbow Tech parallel port dongle PCB, front side. Note the numbers rubbed off the chips to make reverse engineering harder
A Rainbow Tech parallel port dongle PCB, back side
Dongles rapidly evolved into active devices that contained a serial transceiver (UART) and even a microprocessor to handle transactions with the host. Later versions adopted the USB interface, which became the preferred choice over the serial or parallel interface.
A 1992 advertisement for Rainbow Technologies claimed the word dongle was derived from the name 'Don Gall'. Though untrue, this has given rise to an urban myth.[4]
Usage[edit]
Daisy chained parallel port copy protection dongles.
Efforts to introduce dongle copy-protection in the mainstream software market have met stiff resistance from users. Such copy-protection is more typically used with very expensive packages and vertical market software such as CAD/CAM software, cellphone flasher/JTAG debugger software, MICROS Systems hospitality and special retail software, Digital Audio Workstation applications, and some translation memory packages.
In cases such as prepress and printing software, the dongle is encoded with a specific, per-user license key, which enables particular features in the target application. This is a form of tightly controlled licensing, which allows the vendor to engage in vendor lock-in and charge more than it would otherwise for the product. An example is the way Kodak licenses Prinergy to customers: When a computer-to-plate output device is sold to a customer, Prinergy's own license cost is provided separately to the customer, and the base price contains little more than the required licenses to output work to the device.USB dongles are also a big part of Steinberg's audio production and editing systems, such as Cubase, WaveLab, Hypersonic, HALion, and others. The dongle used by Steinberg's products is also known as a Steinberg Key. The Steinberg Key can be purchased separately from its counterpart applications and generally comes bundled with the 'Syncrosoft License Control Center' application, which is cross-platform compatible with both Mac OS X and Windows.
Some software developers use traditional USB flash drives as software license dongles that contain hardware serial numbers in conjunction with the stored device ID strings, which are generally not easily changed by an end-user. A developer can also use the dongle to store user settings or even a complete 'portable' version of the application. Not all flash drives are suitable for this use, as not all manufacturers install unique serial numbers into their devices. Although such medium security may deter a casual hacker, the lack of a processor core in the dongle to authenticate data, perform encryption/decryption, and execute inaccessible binary code makes such a passive dongle inappropriate for all but the lowest-priced software. A simpler and even less secure option is to use unpartitioned or unallocated storage in the dongle to store license data. Common USB flash drives are relatively inexpensive compared to dedicated security dongle devices, but reading and storing data in a flash drive are easy to intercept, alter, and bypass.
Issues[edit]
There are potential weaknesses in the implementation of the protocol between the dongle and the copy-controlled software. It requires considerable cunning to make this hard to crack. For example, a simple implementation might define a function to check for the dongle's presence, returning 'true' or 'false' accordingly, but the dongle requirement can be easily circumvented by modifying the software to always answer 'true'.
Modern dongles include built-in strong encryption and use fabrication techniques designed to thwart reverse engineering. Typical dongles also now contain non-volatile memory — essential parts of the software may actually be stored and executed on the dongle. Thus dongles have become secure cryptoprocessors that execute program instructions that may be input to the cryptoprocessor only in encrypted form. The original secure cryptoprocessor was designed for copy protection of personal computer software (see US Patent 4,168,396, Sept 18, 1979)[5] to provide more security than dongles could then provide. See also bus encryption.
Hardware cloning, where the dongle is emulated by a device driver, is also a threat to traditional dongles. To thwart this, some dongle vendors adopted smart card product, which is widely used in extremely rigid security requirement environments such as military and banking, in their dongle products.
A more innovative modern dongle is designed with a code porting process which transfers encrypted parts of the software vendor's program code or license enforcement into a secure hardware environment (such as in a smart card OS, mentioned above). An ISV can port thousands of lines of important computer program code into the dongle.[citation needed]
Game consoles[edit]
Some unlicensed titles for game consoles (such as Super 3D Noah's Ark or Little Red Hood) used dongles to connect to officially licensed ROM cartridges, in order to circumvent the authentication chip embedded in the console.[citation needed]
Some cheat code devices, such as the GameShark and Action Replay use a dongle. Typically it attaches to the memory card slot of the system, with the disc based software refusing to work if the dongle is not detected. The dongle is also used for holding settings and storage of new codes, added either by the user or through official updates, because the disc, being read only, cannot store them. Some dongles will also double as normal memory cards.
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^Amos, S. W.; Amos, Roger S. (2002). Newnes Dictionary of Electronics (4th ed.). Newnes Press. p. 152. ISBN0750643315. OCLC144646016. Retrieved 4 July 2013.
- ^Stobbs, Gregory A. (2012). Software Patents (Third ed.). Wolters Kluwer. pp. 2–90. ISBN9781454811978. OCLC802867781. Retrieved 4 July 2013.
- ^'Dongle'. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 11 June 2019.
- ^Sentinel advert, Byte Magazine, p. 33
- ^US Patent 4,168,396
External links[edit]
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Software_protection_dongle&oldid=913004109'
Contents
What does a USB security key mean?
A USB security key (alternatively known as a hardware key or software protection dongle) is a license management tool that connects to a computer I/O port to secure a particular application from unauthorized access and copying. In fact, security keys serve for “locking” software so that it can’t be shared with others. Without a USB dongle, the software will either not run at all or will operate in a restricted mode.
Weaknesses of hardware USB dongles
As soon as USB keys became more commonly used, some dongle management issues surfaced. For instance, the situation where each product has its own license key creates some inconvenience for those who need to share a limited number of dongles among multiple users. Or even if every user has their own USB key, it might still cause some problems if there’s a limited number of USB ports on a user machine.
Also, it’s not a rare case that a customer loses or damages their dongle that is terribly expensive to replace. Doesn’t that sound familiar?
But, probably the most common thing that can cause user frustration is the inability to redirect USB security keys to a virtual environment. Attached to a local machine, a security dongle is often not recognized by a guest OS.
Having faced one or all of the aforementioned issues, users start looking for a way of dealing with them. And you know what? The solution is simpler than you can imagine.
Copy USB dongle over the network!
All you need is a simple and efficient software - FlexiHub. This advanced app will let you share any USB key over the Internet (LAN, or Ethernet) with just a few clicks. No matter where your device is physically located, the dedicated app will easily copy USB key and redirect it over any distance.
FlexiHub provides you with the great opportunity to share your security dongle among multiple users at a time. Crack para depth hunter pc download. Even better, with this solution, you’ll be able to forward your hardware key copy to a virtual environment, as FlexiHub fully supports all major virtualization software, including Hyper-V, VirtualBox, and VMWare.
Some other significant features offered by FlexiHub:
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- Cross-platform compatibility. If, for example, your security key is connected to a Windows machine, FlexiHub will give you the way to access it from Mac or Linux and vice versa.
- High security of data transfer. When you connect to a remote machine in order to redirect your dongle copy, FlexiHub reliably protects the established communication with advanced traffic encryption.
- Access control. In case you don’t want your hardware key to be shared over the network, you can lock the device in FlexiHub interface. This way you will block access to the device for any remote physical or virtual machine.
How to copy a USB dongle with FlexiHub:
- First of all, install the software on each of your computers that need to have access to the dongle, including the machine with the USB key physically attached.
- Then, in the window displayed click ‘Sign up’ and follow the instructions to create your FlexiHub account, it is free.
- After that, start FlexiHub on the computer with the device physically connected to and sign in using your newly created login credentials.
- Finally, launch FlexiHub on your remote machine that needs access to the USB dongle and log in using the same credentials. Find the shared device and click “Connect”.
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